Leucoderma

Leucoderma is a Latin synonym for white skin. It is a term used to express the white patch problem. Leucoderma or white skin, is the name given to a skin disease, wherein there is a gradual loss of the pigment, melanin, from the skin layers, resulting in the appearance of white patches. Leucoderma is a condition in which the skin layers experience loss of skin-pigment.

What causes Leucoderma?

The main causes for leucoderma are excessive mental worry and chronic or acute gastric disorders. Other causes involve impaired hepatic function such as jaundice, worms or other parasites in the alimentary canal, typhoid, a defective perspiratory mechanism and burn injuries. It can also be the result of hereditary reasons.

 

Leucoderma Symptoms:

The problem usually starts with a small white spot which later develops into white patches. These patches are pale in the beginning, but become whiter and whiter as time passes by due to loss of pigment. As the spots enlarge, they merge into each other and, in course of time, form a very broad patch. In some cases, most of the skin of the body may be covered with white patches.

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Alopecia Reduction

Alopecia Reduction also called scalp reduction is a surgical hair restoration procedure that surgically removes bald scalp and stretches hair-bearing scalp upward to replace bald scalp that has been removed.

Alopecia reduction can be a very successful approach to hair restoration. Is it right for you? A number of factors can bear upon that decision:

• Physical condition-the patient should be in good general health and have no medical conditions that would rule out a surgical procedure.
• The patient who undergoes alopecia reduction should be willing and able to have future alopecia reduction and/or hair transplantation and/or correction of surgical complications as the need arises.
• The rationale for alopecia reduction is that bald scalp can be surgically removed and hair-bearing scalp skin stretched up to cover the excised area.
• The patient's objectives-what do you, the patient, want hair restoration to accomplish? Your objectives, discussed thoroughly with the physician hair restoration specialist, will be a major factor in determining if alopecia reduction is a good option for you.

 

Alopecia Reduction and Hair Transplantation:

Alopecia reduction is often combined with hair transplantation. Hair transplantation may be combined with alopecia reduction to "fine tune" hair restoration in aesthetically sensitive areas, such as the frontal hairline that is not treated with alopecia reduction. Hair transplantation may be necessary in future years to keep pace with continued loss of hair. In younger patients, hair transplantation may be done first to restore the frontal one-third of the scalp, with alopecia reduction reserved for later years if hair loss progresses.

Alopecia Reduction Techniques:

A number of alopecia reduction techniques have been developed. No one technique is adaptable to all patients. Choice of technique is based upon considerations that may include degree of hair loss, scalp laxity, amount and quality of donor hair, and whether hair transplantation is to be a complementary procedure. Alopecia reduction technique is largely a matter of the pattern of scalp incision. The choice of technique and rationale for the choice should be discussed by patient and physician.

Before and After Alopecia Reduction:

Potential Complications and Side Effects:

• Complications are uncommon but there can be postoperative complications such as scarring at the suture lines, "stretch back" of scalp skin at the excised bald area, and a central midline scar called a slot deformity.
• Side effects of alopecia reduction surgery are temporary discomfort, swelling, and numbness in the operated area.

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Female Breast Reduction

Female Breast Reduction, also known as Reduction Mammoplasty, is an operation to reduce the weight and volume of the breasts.

Breast reduction removes excess breast fat, glandular tissue and skin to achieve a breast size in proportion with your body. Breast reduction surgery is also regularly performed to alleviate the discomfort associated with overly large breasts.

Breast size is determined by genes, hormones, body frame and weight. For most women, breast size is proportionate to the body, but for some women the breasts are particularly large.

Breast reduction surgery can help women who are unhappy with the shape, weight or droop of their breasts by making them smaller and more lifted. However, breast size alters with body weight, so your breasts may increase in size if you put on weight or become pregnant even after surgery.

Woman may be considered for a breast reduction operation, if she have physical discomfort from having large breasts, such as:

• Backache

• Neck pain

• Skin irritation

• Poor posture

• Excessive sweating, rashes and skin infections under the breasts

• Grooves on the shoulders from bra straps

• An inability to exercise or take part in sports

Large breasts can also cause psychological distress. Common complaints from woman with large breasts include not being able to wear fashionable clothes and finding it difficult to take part in active sports. Psychological distress may also include unwanted attention or harassment, self-consciousness and depression.

Breast reduction surgery can be include following risks:

• Scarring

• Unevenly shaped breasts or nipples

• Wound healing problems

• Loss of nipple sensation

• Being permanently unable to breastfeed

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Male Breast Reduction

Gynecomastia Surgery is the surgical correction of over-developed or enlarged breasts in men.

What is Gynecomastia?

Gynecomastia is a condition of over-developed or enlarged breasts in men that can occur at any age. The condition can be the result of hormonal changes, heredity, obesity, or the use of certain drugs.

Gynecomastia can cause emotional discomfort and impair your self confidence. Some men may even avoid certain physical activities and intimacy simply to hide their condition.

Gynecomastia is characterized by:

• Excess localized fat

• Excess glandular tissue development

• Sometimes excess breast skin

• Presence unilaterally or bilaterally

 

Gynecomastia Risk:

• Reactions to tape, suture materials, glues, topical preparations or injected agents

• Anesthesia risks

• Bleedin

• Blood clots

• Breast asymmetry

• Changes in nipple or breast sensation may be temporary or permanent

• Damage to deeper structures – such as nerves, blood vessels, muscles, and lungs – can occur and may be temporary or permanent

• Fatty tissue found in the breast might die

• Infection

• Persistent pain

• Poor wound healing

• Unfavorable scarring

Gynecomastia  Before-After:

 

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Female Pattern Baldness

Female Pattern Baldness is the most common type of hair loss in women.

 

Causes

Each strand of hair sits in a tiny hole in the skin called a follicle. In general, baldness occurs when the hair follicle shrinks over time, resulting in shorter and finer hair. Eventually, the follicle does not grow new hair. The follicles remain alive, which suggests that it is still possible to grow new hair.

The reason for female pattern baldness is not well understood, but may be related to:

• Aging

• Changes in the levels of androgens. For example, after reaching menopause, many women find that the hair on their head is thinner, while the hair on their face is coarser.

• Family history of male or female pattern baldness. 

Symptoms

Hair thinning is different from that of male pattern baldness. In female pattern baldness:

• Hair thins mainly on the top and crown of the scalp. It usually starts with a widening through the center hair part.

• The front hairline remains unaffected except for normal recession, which happens to everyone as time passes.

• The hair loss rarely progresses to total or near total baldness, as it may in men.

Itching or skin sores on the scalp are generally not seen.

Treatment

 

Hair loss in female pattern baldness is permanent, if not treated. In most cases, hair loss is mild to moderate. You do not need treatment if you are comfortable with your appearance.

Medication

The only medication approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat female pattern baldness is minoxidil:

• It is applied to the scalp.

• For women, the 2% concentration is recommended.

• Minoxidil may help hair grow in about 1 in 4 or 5 of women. In most women, it may slow or stop hair loss.

• You must continue to use this medicine for a long time. Hair loss starts again when you stop using it.

If minoxidil does not work, your doctor may recommend other medicines, such as spironolactone, cimetidine, birth control pills, ketoconazole, among others. Your doctor can tell you more about these if needed.

Hair Transplant
During hair transplant, tiny plugs of hair are removed from areas where hair is thicker, and placed in areas that are balding. Minor scarring may occur where hair is removed. There is a slight risk of skin infection. You will likely need many transplants, which can be expensive. However, the results are often excellent and permanent.

Other Solutions
Hair weaving, hairpieces, or a change in hairstyle can help hide hair loss and improve your appearance. This is often the least expensive and safest way to deal with female pattern baldness.

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Male Pattern Baldness

Androgenic alopecia also known as androgenetic alopecia, alopecia androgenetica, or male pattern baldness is hair loss that occurs due to an underlying sensitivity of hair follicles to androgenic miniaturization.

Why Does Male Pattern Baldness Occurs?

Male pattern baldness is both genetic, and associated with the male sex hormones called androgens. Androgens have many functions, one of which is to regulate hair growth.

Each strand of your hair grows out of a little hole in your skin called a follicle. Normally, an individual strand of hair grows for two to six years, goes through a resting stage for several months, falls out, and is replaced by a new hair strand. With male pattern baldness, the hair follicle becomes smaller. It grows shorter and finer strands, and eventually stops growing hair altogether.

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Hair Transplantation Advantages and Disadvantages

 Advantages:

• Despite involving no threatening risk, it will be wise considering its pros and cons. Before opting for the surgical procedure costing a pretty penny it is important to analyze some of its advantageous aspects.
• With baldness playing a spoilsport and coming in the way of propriety - hair transplantation is pleasingly advantageous. With hair at your disposal, you can choose not having one out of place.
• Besides by means of this medically maneuvered technique, you need not bank on any other forms of treatment for hair growth. The hair implanted or grafted will continue with its growth.
  The fact that you yourself are the donor is also one of its pros.
• Unless you have opted for too many transplants, the process is by and large simple and desired result can be obtained in one go.
• Mostly little or no money is taken as consultation fee, so bearing in mind its everlasting effect the process is pretty much cost effective.
• Rather than going in for artificially driven mechanisms of hair systems, hair transplantation is far more cost effective.
• The operation is safe in the sense; you need not be brought under complete anesthesia. So in case you have fads and phobias about losing consciousness, the procedure can be managed by means of partial anesthesia.
• While the issues of pain may be duly addressed by localized sedation, you need not be anxious about total lapse of consciousness.
• One of the scientific advantages of hair transplantation relates to its uniformity of distribution. The technique is worked upon with optimization in such a way that your overall follicular distribution remains intact.

 Disadvantages:

• As one of its physiological disadvantages, it is worth bearing in mind that often sizeable proportion of the dermis has to be extracted for the purpose of implantation. The scalp provides protection to the follicle from trauma. Thus follicles tend to become more vulnerable in cases where a sizeable portion is removed.
• Cases involving dense packing tend to become more costly and time taking- calling for more than one session.
• Cases involving thick packing can lead to scarring and injuries.
• Due to injury and exposure to certain medications, graft planted may not survive resulting in the wastage of both time & money.

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